It is share of central government in general government expenditures minus repayments. The data is from various years of GFS. In the year 75 and 85, the figures is double checked with the IMF calculation for general government expenditures minus repayments, however the general government tables are not reported in IMF data thereafter.
Please consult appendix A of the paper Why Countries are Fiscally Decentralizing, Journal of Public Economics, 2004 and the additional documents provided with this data.
This categorical index only provided for the countries with population over 1M in 1995. All the territories are excluded except Puerto Rico and West Bank.
SSA=1 ASA=2 FSU=3 MNA=4 LAC=5 OECD=6.
Note that the countries in category 6 are not only high-income but also OECD countries. Other high-income countries are (with income=5) categorized in regions. These are countries with population less than 1M or territories.
Country Notes:
Korea is included in Asia & Pacific.
Israel is recorded as Developed-OECD.
Turkey is included in Middle East.
It is a categorical variable form 1 to 5. Higher numbers associate with higher incomes. Low income countries are given code 1. Codes 2 and 3 are for lower and higher middle income countries. High income OECD and non-OECD countries are coded as 4 and 5.
It is share of central government in general government expenditures on goods and services.
It is share of central government in general government expenditures on goods, services and capital.
Population of largest city. UN World Urbanization Prospects Table A.12 Population of urban agglomerations comprising 750,000 or more inhabitants in 1995, by country.
Real GDP per capita in constant dollars, Chain index, expressed in international prices, base year 1985. Penn World Tables Mark 5.6. 1995 values are estimated using World Bank WDI yearly real GDP growth figures on 1990 rgdpcPN values.
Land area in square kilometers, World Bank WDI. Values for West Germany, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and USSR are taken from the Columbia Encyclopedia.
Total fertility rate, births per woman, five year average from base year (e.g. average over 80-84). Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and USSR are averages over the constituent republics weighted by population share. The values for united Germany are substituted for West Germany. World Bank WDI
Total fertility rate, births per woman. Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and USSR are averages over the constituent republics weighted by population share. The values for united Germany are substituted for West Germany. World Bank WDI
Average years of higher schooling in the male population aged 25 and over, Barro-Lee. Census and survey figures primarily from UNESCO Statistical Yearbooks and UN Demographic Yearbooks fill two fifths of the observations. The remaining values are estimated using UNESCO school enrollment data and a perpetual inventory method. The data are not adjusted for quality of education or length of school day or year.
Average years of higher schooling in the female population aged 25 and over, Barro-Lee. Census and survey figures primarily from UNESCO Statistical Yearbooks and UN Demographic Yearbooks fill two fifths of the observations. The remaining values are estimated using UNESCO school enrollment data and a perpetual inventory method. The data are not adjusted for quality of education or length of school day or year.
The regional democracy index is revised for India from 0 to 1 for the years after 1980. Moh 11/4/02
This is an average of the second and third indices in the decentralization (federalization) data available for 49 countries. The index have values of 0, 1, and 2. The higher value means more democratic structure at regional and local level.
The data is augmented for additional 30 countries using 'Freedom in the World', Raymond Gastil, 'The Statesman's Yearbook, 2002', and 'TheEuropa World Year Book, 2001'.
Fiscal decentralization database is a panel of data on indices of fiscal decentralization every ten years from 1975, 1985, and 1995 for about 100 countries. The main variables, fiscal decentralization indices, are constructed using IMF's GFS database and publications. The data were prepared by Vernon Henderson (Vernon_Henderson@brown.edu) and Mohammd Arzaghi (marzaghi@brown.edu). Please properly cite our paper, Why Countries are Fiscally Decentralizing, in the Journal of Public Economics 2005.
To see all the documentation, type note on the Stata command line. To see a description of the variables, type desc on the command line. To see only the note for a particular variable, type note varname on the command line, where varname is the name of the variable. To see a list of countries, type list wbcode country if year==90 on the command line.
Barro, R.J., and J.W.Lee, International Comparisons of Educational Attainment, Journal of Monetary Economics, 32, 363-394, 1993.
Barro, R.J., and J.W.Lee, International Measures of Schooling Years and Schooling Quality, American Economic Review, 86(2), 218-223, 1996.
Barro, R.J., and J.W.Lee, International Measures of Schooling Years and Schooling Quality online data, World Bank Economic Growth Research Group, Washington D.C.: World Bank, 1996.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), World Factbook, Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office, various years.
The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, New York: Columbia University Press, 1995.
Freedom House, Freedom in the World, New York: Freedom House, various years.
International Road Federation (IRF), World Road Statistics, Washington D.C.: International Road Federation, various years.
International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Telecommunication Statistics, Geneva: International Telecommunication Union, various years.
Summers, R., and A. Heston, The Penn World Table (Mark 5): An Expanded Set of International Comparisons, 1950-1988, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 327-68, 1991.
Summers, R., and A. Heston, Penn World Table Mark 5.6 revision of Summers and Heston (1991) online data, Computing in the Humanities and Social Sciences (CHASS), Toronto: University of Toronto, 1995.
United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects: The 1996 Revision, United Nations Population Division, Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, New York, 1996.
World Bank, World Development Indicators (WDI) on CD-Rom, Washington D.C.: World Bank, 1998.
World Bank, World Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
The federalism variable is revised for India. 10/4/02
Please consult appendix A of the paper Why Countries are Fiscally Decentralizing, Journal of Public Economics, 2004 and the additional documents provided with this data for definition of the variables and exact sources.