This project, focusing on China, studies the societal impacts of urban highway and rail infrastructure investments, the biggest (non-defense) public sector investment a country makes. By assembling data on key instrumental variables and policy contexts, Henderson estimates how these choices affect: 1) city population, employment, and GDP growth; 2) urban form, including the spread of developed land by use; 3) environmental outcomes; and 4) urban land-use patterns across residential, commercial, mixed and industrial categories.